The recent speech by American President-elect B. Obama on the planned response by his incoming administration to the ongoing economic disorder has been quickly labeled a "New New Deal", or "FDR II", by a wide number of political commentators. The more Socialist / Interventionist see this as an admirable comparison; the more Small Government / Non-interventionists see this as a damning indictment. *Here is an opinion of the second kind*, from our friends over at michellemalkin.com.
One item that has resurfaced in the debate is the UCLA Study of 2004 described *here*, and the original monograph by Cole and Ohanian, as published, which is an often cited example of how Government Intervention made the Great Depression worse. Some similar ideas, set in a historical context, are in some of the major points of Amity Shlaes' "The Forgotten Man: A New History of The Great Depression". All run contrary to Keynesian (and Neo-Keynsian) views of the New Deal.
Being that I am much more attuned to socio-political history than to the pure economics of that period, my judgement of F.D. Roosevelt's administration policies comes closer to approaches like Thomas Fleming's "The New Dealer's War", and its observations on how the philosophy of governance in the New Deal period resulted in all manner of things internationally before, during, and in the aftermath of WW II.
Fortunately for me, and for readers of this weblog, I happened to have had the pleasure of reading an associate of mine's commentary on the UCLA study. All Blockquote items are by "K", reprinted here by permission. His first words were:
"I thought the (UCLA Study) link was interesting, and certainly original; I'd not seen that before. But it does seem misguided. The Great Depression was a liquidity trap, and deflation was unzipping the economy. To fight deflation, "sticky" prices and wages are an advantage. Keeping wages up keeps purchasing power up, and allows for continuing debt maintenance, and mortgages are not indexed or adjusted for deflation. Keeping prices artificially higher than they'd otherwise be, allows the higher payroll to be met... Demand side is the issue in a depression, supply side is irrelevant if there are no buyers. I'd like to see a comment on that work by an economist or two who were Keynesians before the recent mass conversion."He went on to say, regarding the U.S. economic stimulus package (as proposed in B. Obama's speech):
"I'm old enough to have read John Kenneth Galbraith's book on the Depression when it came out... I always gave JKG extra credit for being one of the very few economists able to conduct his own experiments. As such(the head of the OPA), he was a key factor in the success of the US wartime economy, which was far more efficient than, say, Germany's. He was a Keynesian, but with modifications based on his own observations, and considered himself post-Keynesian. So I'm pre-disposed towards thinking that (Mr. Obama's) stimulus package is fairly good. I'd like to see less tax cut, and more direct spending on unemployment, emergency medical, food stamps, shelter, and similar safety net items as well as infrastructure construction. The former for humanitarian reasons, the latter as the best substitute for housing construction; it pays living wages, benefits basic industries like steel, and has a payback. And we're going to have to fix those roads, and bridges, and expand those airports, and overhaul the decrepit RR tracks, and build those mass transit systems that will be needed as oil depletes, eventually anyway, so do it now. GWB took office with about $5.7 trillion national debt, and added about $5.3 trillion in eight years, primarily for tax cuts and war. Conservatives were silent. Now, with the proposed debt expansion for food and roads, the evils of government borrowing are suddenly rediscovered. (By some, to be fair.)This is just a huge, and complex matter. Moreover, it is one that will likely be the defining U.S. government expenditure of the decade: Between the G.W. Bush administration TARP (include other bailout plans) and the B. Obama administration's planned expenditure, the total runs to over US$ 2 trillion in functionally new-printed money, roughly half of the entire non-bailout deficit spending of the two G.W. Bush governments *even in time of war*.
"I've not seen a lot of emphasis in the proposals as to which stimulus expenditures have the most effect, and I'd like to see much more discussion along those lines. If (negative, long duration) economic expectations hold up, the Republicans will probably attack Obama for failure; be a tough defense as we'll never know what the alternative would have been, though I believe it would be much worse."
With that in mind, here are two more relevant resources, and then let's open this up as a Discussion Item.
John Stossel at ABC back in December, 2008, on Keynes vs. FDR.
Paul Krugman on this very topic, January 9th.
13.Jan Addenda: "K" notes that the Keynes letter to FDR predates the full formulation of Keynes' theories. At the time, there were *no* theories on what to do and the FDR simply promised to try several different solutions, even conflicting solutions experimentally to see what worked.
Open Ground:
Is the UCLA Study of 2004 defensible, or misguided, or somewhere in between? Where does the issue of productivity come into play when attempting to measure recovery from a Recession or Depression period? How wise is such a massive financial intervention, even if the excess dollars can be soaked out of the system to some degree over time? And my personal favorite: Is it possible to gain much of anything by doing what is in practical terms funding the New Deal *after* having deficit spent through years of warfighting (the opposite of the 1930~40's situation)?
Your thoughts are welcome, friends.
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My thanks to "K" for permission to reprint his part of the discussion, and my hopes that he will consider joining in the discussion here as I *know* he has further insights into some of the matters dealing with cartel policy in particular.
minor edit and one addition, 13.January, at "K's" request.
7 comments:
A little more from "K" to me, regarding the paper in its particulars:
"The foregoing (First Blockquote) was written before I’d read the full paper, and I feel that the summary was a bit misleading.
"As to the paper itself:
For me, the paper fails the Occam test. For one example, insider/outsider friction as the cause of the regression in the 37-39 time period as opposed to the reduction in governmental spending demonstrates coincidence, but (for me) causality is not shown, let alone proven. For a second example, saying that the boom of the forties was the result of changing cartel policy is (to me) just a blunder. The war created a shift from inadequate demand to insatiable demand. And that demand continued after the war when rationing was lifted, and there were large wartime savings just sitting there... Using those very large changes to explain very large effects seems much more reasonable. This may be (or not) why I haven't seen or heard of a body of work based on this paper, let alone broad acceptance. Sometimes the obscurity is justified."
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Again, my thanks to "K", who has helped me greatly with this matter.
LDG
I really don't see how one could think that artificially increasing wages could do anything but reduce employment. Reduced employment means more people who buy almost nothing, which is going to have a strong downward pressure on demand.
In addition, high unemployment will make those who *do* have jobs less confident and that will reduce spending and further reduce demand.
Frankly I am at least as concerned about the US following the Japanese lead from the late-80's property/stock bubble. Japan spent an enormous amount of money propping up failing businesses and building infrastructure.
At least one outcome from the policy was that many companies which were already sick before the bubble popped ate the lion's share of economic resources and staggered along generating little or no growth. Newer companies with expanding markets couldn't get resources to grow. Improved infrastructure doesn't generate ongoing economic benefits if there is no growth to make use of it.
If we continue to support effectively bankrupt companies like the US automakers, we'll be heading down the same path as Japan in the 90s.
Now back to the orginal topic of the post. Imagine we decide that low car prices are responsible for the
(damn interface)
(continuing) Imagine we decide the automakers are sick because cars don't cost enough, and that we should make car prices higher, and then increase wages to allow people to buy those cars. What result can you expect?
Will Chrysler suddenly start making money because of the higher prices? Not really. They will have to cut employment to balance the higher wages, and a lot of people will elect not to buy a car at the inflated price.
Unemployment will go up and demand will decrease.
Employees who haven't yet been laid off by Chrysler will worry they may be next, and they will stop buying a lot of things. All the companies that used to get business from Chrysler employees will find their own revenues going down too. It's an endless spiral.
You can't stimulate demand by inflating wages and prices in much the same way you can't stop inflation by fixing prices. (See Zimbabwe)
@All
A little more pondering by me on part of this.
If the key motivation of an intervention (like TARP) is to make capital resources whole again after a round of capital destruction in the markets, I don't see how that does bugger-all to directly improve the concurrent demand-side failure.
If the key motivation of an intervention is "stimulus", it is momentarily possible to boost the demand side by various mechanisms that functionally subsidize the wages of labor in certain industry sectors... very inefficiently, but possible. That was much of the gain made by the early New Deal cartel rules interventions. It created a class-system within labor: Protected jobs had a good wage and lived very well in the deflated price environment. The rest of common labor lined up for make-work at dirt wages just to get by.
If the key motivation of an intervention is to generally increase demand (to then get some indirect effect on wage maintenance and job security) then projects like concreting huge portions of the Japanese coastline in the name of "erosion control" (which didn't work; different topic though) were just dumb. The concrete was mostly imported and the "private" labor involved in the total cost of the projects was a relatively small part of the total project cost.
So if the goal is to be in part reached by infrastructure projects, they had best be far better targeted than many of Japan's were.
*Note: I generally do not support government wage subsidies.*
I've been meaning to put in a "read this" about these fine fellows, and *here it is*.
Economics, and historical context, by two very competent writers.
The ongoing analysis threads on Keynes General Theory -chapter by chapter- alone makes it worth your time.
Re Will.
"I really don't see how one could think that artificially increasing wages could do anything but reduce employment. Reduced employment means more people who buy almost nothing, which is going to have a strong downward pressure on demand."
I certainly did not intend to suggest artificially increasing wages; if I understand the objection here, I was instead suggesting that wages falling more slowly ("sticking") than the economy was deflating tended to be a stabilizing factor.
...
"Imagine we decide the automakers are sick because cars don't cost enough, and that we should make car prices higher, and then increase wages to allow people to buy those cars."
Why would anyone do or advocate that? Competition alone would make that futile. Certainly nothing I intended to propose.
...
"You can't stimulate demand by inflating wages and prices in much the same way you can't stop inflation by fixing prices."
You stimulate demand by making sure people have money, and that it will not increase in value by being saved. (The deflation trap.) Giving them jobs works well, and creating jobs privately is preferred. Those big infrastructure projects get built by private companies. Funded by the government, but built by the private sector. But education, park maintenance, unemployment insurance, and medical assistance will come primarily from the public sector.
It's certainly true that execution counts; some projects have a good payback, some none at all. Roads are usually good, bridges to nowhere, not.
You might look at the OPA in WWII to see what governmental control can do to limit inflation. It was broadly effective, even if there were imperfect aspects. Not anything you'd want to see in any but extreme circumstances of course. But it did work.
Personal Note: Welcome, Kulamata ("K"). It is great to see you here!
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On-Topic
Speaking of the specific point of: "You stimulate demand by making sure people have money, and that it will not increase in value by being saved."
I had the pleasure of a fairly deep discussion tonight with a client that keyed on one aspect of that point: The act of government stimulus functions best when the demand created by the public-project consumption is a demand for value-added materials where the entire (or at least most of) the supply chain that produces that material is domestic industry. Furthermore, there is a trade-off to be considered when looking at *how* value-added the end material supplied to the public-work is... buying a couple more F-22A fighter jets to help the Air Force replace old interceptors (a known need that has been deferred) is likely *not* good stimulus as while the material supplied is highly value-added, the supply chain is so "narrow" that the effect of the public-work helps support the wage base of too few workers.
If, on the other hand, the public-work requires a large volume of modestly value-added activity that provides a quality wage to a larger number of workers in the supply chain, then the effect could be quite significant.
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